Ini tugas pertama saya di mata kuliah Writing International Relations. Masih kacau dan argumennya kemana-mana. At least, saya share disini untuk pembelajaran. Buat saya. Pembaca dan siapa saja yang tertarik HAM. 

Human rights is not prominent theme years ago, when international relations is considerably defined by war and hostility among countries and the seemingly sole sufficient instrument to explain them is realism with its main belief in state aggressive characteristics as opposed to liberalism and moralism which underlie human rights (Langlois 2012). However, World War II, especially in response to Holocaust and massive casualties of war, has urged international community to establish a worldwide moral standard realized in the form of Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR) (Langlois 2012). Since then human rights are embraced unanimously demonstrated by the amount of states ratified UDHR and the emergence of other treaties related to Human Rights such as International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 1966 (Langlois 2012, p.341). Nevertheless, the claim of universality continuously stimulates challenges from many scholars. Some intense argument come from anthropological study called cultural relativism. It is what Edward Younkins (2000) says as the view that truth is diverse depending on who sees it whether individual, social group or historical period. He further elaborates on how cultural relativists usually regard human rights universalists as less respectful to the fact that divergent identities evoke from different culture, religion and philosophical tradition thus inflict distinct perspectives on human rights (Younkins 2000). Other significant argument is historically constructed particularly by the birth of human rights deemed heavily based on western cultures (Tharoor 2000; Moyn 2010). These two key arguments then enhance to a more ambitious term seeing universality to some extent as cultural imperialism (Donnelly 2007). My view in regards of the debate is even though I believe that improvement of human rights practical implementation is thoroughly needed, human rights is indeed universal in nature and considered contradictive to cultural imperialisms.